MONK OF MOKHA
Select Bibliography
PROLOGUE
“…The airports had been destroyed and the roads out of the country were impassable…”
Lamothe, Dan. “New satellite images of Yemen—before and after airstrikes,” AP News, April 6, 2015.
http://jennifertraig.typepad.com/.shared/image.html?/photos/uncategorized/2008/01/31/1_ringworm_of_head_copy.jpg“…tens of thousands of U.S.-made bombs dropped on Yemen by the Saudi air force…”
Gladstone, Rick. “New Report of U.S.-Made Cluster Bomb Use by Saudis in Yemen,” The New York Times, February 14, 2016.
“…a seventy-billion-dollar global commodity…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004).
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010).
“…Santa Barbara…at North American’s only coffee farm…”
Karl, David. “Market Watch: Jay Ruskey perks interest with California-grown coffee,” Los Angeles Times, December 3, 2010.
“…promised to exclude all Muslims from entering the country—‘until we figure out what’s going on,’…”
Johnson, Jenna. “Trump calls for ‘total and complete showdown of Muslims entering the United States,’” The Washington Post, December 7, 2015.
“…After inauguration, he made two efforts to ban travel to the United States by citizens of seven Muslim-majority nations.
M., S. “Donald Trump’s latest travel ban is blocked by two federal judges,” The Economist, October 18, 2017.
“…On this list was Yemen…”
M.,S. “A judge blocks Donald Trump’s revised travel ban,” The Economist, March 16, 2017.
“…in Yemen, where coffee cultivation was first undertaken five hundred years ago…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 31-32.
BOOK I
Chapter III: The Kid Who Stole Books
“…and it had for decades attracted families newly arrived from Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos…”
Bishop, Kathy. “The Tenderloin Time: A Voice in San Francisco,” The New York Times, May 7, 1987.
“…Among them were Yemenis, a few hundred of them in the Tenderloin, most of them working as janitors…”
Nader, Nadine Christine. Arab America: Gender, Cultural Politics and Activism (New York: New York University Press, 2012), pp. 57.
“…emigrating in significant numbers in the 1960s…”
“Stevenson, Thomas B. “Migration as a Rite of Passage in a Highland Yemeni Town.” Sojourners and Settlers: The Yemeni Immigrant Experience, edited by Jonathon Friedlander, University of Utah Press, 1988, pp. 33.
“…finding work primarily in the farms of California’s San Joaquin Valley…”
Friedlander, Jonathan. “Voices from the Heartland: Young Yemeni Americans Speak,” Middle Eastern American Resources Online, 2009.
“…automative factories of Detroit…”
Friedlander, Jonathan. “Voices from the Heartland: Young Yemeni Americans Speak,” Middle Eastern American Resources Online, 2009.
“…almost all Yemeni immigrants were men, most from Ibb province….”
“Stevenson, Thomas B. “Migration as a Rite of Passage in a Highland Yemeni Town.” Sojourners and Settlers: The Yemeni Immigrant Experience, edited by Jonathon Friedlander, University of Utah Press, 1988, pp. 33.
“…an agricultural region….”
“Stevenson, Thomas B. “Migration as a Rite of Passage in a Highland Yemeni Town.” Sojourners and Settlers: The Yemeni Immigrant Experience, edited by Jonathon Friedlander, University of Utah Press, 1988, pp. 33.
“…came to California to pick fruit…”
Friedlander, Jonathan. “Voices from the Heartland: Young Yemeni Americans Speak,” Middle Eastern American Resources Online, 2009.
“…1970s, hundreds of Yemenis who had been working the fields began to come to San Francisco to work as janitors…”
Hendricks, Tyche. “Legacy of Yemeni immigrant lives on amping union janitors / Frameworks organizer to be honored in S.F.,” SF Gate, August 16, 2002.
Nader, Nadine Christine. Arab America: Gender, Cultural Politics and Activism (New York: New York University Press, 2012), pp. 57.
“…Yemenis made up twenty person of the janitor’s union, Local 87, headquartered in the Tenderloin…”
Hendricks, Tyche. “Legacy of Yemeni immigrant lives on amping union janitors / Frameworks organizer to be honored in S.F.,” SF Gate, August 16, 2002.
“…navy built it in 1936…”
New York Times staff, “Treasure Island: A Landfill Full of Possibilities,” New York Times, April 15, 1996.
“sinking 287,000 tons of rock and 50,000 cubic yards of topsoil…”
Federal Writers Project of California and Works Progress Administration. Almanac for Thirty-Niners (Palo Alto, California: James Ladd Delkid, Stanford University, 1938).
“…into San Francisco Bay, just off a natural island called Yerba Buena and between San Francisco and the East Bay…”
New York Times staff, “Treasure Island: A Landfill Full of Possibilities,” New York Times, April 15, 1996.
“…military base through World War II…”
New York Times staff, “Treasure Island: A Landfill Full of Possibilities,” New York Times, April 15, 1996.
Smith, Matt and Mieszkowski, Katharine. “Treasure Island cleanup exposes Navy’s mishandling of its nuclear past,” The Center for Investigative Reporting, February 24, 2014.
“…The name came afterword, when it was decommissioned and the powers that be, hoping to convert it to commercial use…”
Kamiya, Gary. “The ’39 world’s fair: an island of joyous excess,” SF Gate, Saturday, August 17, 2013.
“…First there was some mystery about what might be buried in the landmass itself…”
Lagos, Marisa. “Is Treasure Island toxic? Residents’ worries grow,” SF Gate, February 16, 2014.
“navy wasn’t telling what kind of hazardous waste was tucked away…”
Smith, Matt. “Radiation worries on Treasure Island,” SF Gate, November 13, 2013.
“rested only a foot or two above sea level…”
King, John. “Concerns about rising seas reshaping major SF waterfront projects,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 10, 2016.
Chapter VIII: Richgrove Agonistes
“…Nagi Daifullah, a Yemeni American farmworker…”
Hendricks, Tyche. “Legacy of Yemeni immigrant lives on amping union janitors / Frameworks organizer to be honored in S.F.,” SF Gate, August 16, 2002.
“…When Cesary Chavez began to organize arm workers, the Yemenis…”
Hendricks, Tyche. “Legacy of Yemeni immigrant lives on amping union janitors / Frameworks organizer to be honored in S.F.,” SF Gate, August 16, 2002.
“…In 1973, Dairfullah…seven thousand farmworkers strong, through Delano…”
Hendricks, Tyche. “Legacy of Yemeni immigrant lives on amping union janitors / Frameworks organizer to be honored in S.F.,” SF Gate, August 16, 2002.
Hendricks, Tyche. “Legacy of Yemeni immigrant lives on amping union janitors / Frameworks organizer to be honored in S.F.,” SF Gate, August 16, 2002.
BOOK II
Chapter X: The Statue
“…the building had been built by the Hills brothers…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 117-118.
“…the brothers brought bean to California from around the world…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 117-118.
“…This changed in 1900…soon revolutionized the business of coffee…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 117-118.
“…The Hills brothers become phenomenally successful and were instrumental…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 117-117, 150-151, 182-183, 208.
“…The graphic version of the statue became their well-known logo, and the company thrived independently for one hundred years…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 117-118, 258.
“…Hill Bros. was sold to Nestle. Who sold it to Sara Lee. Who sold it to Massimo Zanetti Beverage USA…”
“History.” Hills Bros., A Taste of San Francisco, 2017, www.hillsbros.com/history/
The New York Times. “Nestle Acquires Hills Bothers,” The New York Times, January 15, 1985.
“….The company left San Francisco in 1997, moving its headquarters downstate to Glendale…”
Chief, Phat X. and Howe, Kenneth. “Last Call at Nestle Beverage / Owner of Hills Bros. closes ship in S.F. as it moves to Glendale,” SFGate, June 28, 1997.
“…early origin myth involved an Ethiopian shared named Khaldi…He had discovered the coffee bean…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 3-4.
Allen, Stewart Lee. The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 14-15
“…But first the bean had to be separated from the fruit…A coffee tree could be grown from any unroasted coffee bean…”
Boot, Willem J. “Techniques for the Coffee Profession,” Boot Coffee Inc., pp. 3.
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), pp. 39.
“…what the Romans had called Arabia Felix—‘Happy Arabia.’ This was Yemen…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004).
“…According to legend, it was Mokha, a port city on the Yemeni coast, that the bean was first brewed…”
Allen, Stewart Lee.The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 44.
“For centuries after…Ethiopians chewed the beans and made weak tea from it…”
Allen, Stewart Lee.The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 19.
“…Ali Ibn Omar al-Shadhili, a Sufi hold man living in Mohka, who first brewed the bean into a semblance of what we now recognized as coffee—then known as qahwa…”
Allen, Stewart Lee.The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 44.
“…He and his fellow Sufi monks used the beverage in their ceremonies…and the Middle East…”
Allen, Stewart Lee. The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 44-45.
“…The Turks turned qahwa into kahve, which became, in other languages, coffee..”
Polish, Alyssa. “The Stimulating History of Coffee: Why You Hear This Word Around the World,” Slate, December 10, 2014.
“…Mocha itself was a barren and dry coastal area, not suited for coffee cultivation, but nevertheless the word mocha became synonymous with coffee…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 7.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 72-73.
“…The coffee was grown in the interior of the country, in the mountains, using ingenious irrigation and terraces. The cherries were brought to Mocha for processing and export, and Mocha became thriving commercial center…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp 72-73
“…But coffee drove trade traffic to the port, and was considered so valuable that exporting coffee plants was a crime…treason of trying to leave port with a seedling…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp 7.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 75-76.
“…The first coffeehouses, known as qahveh kaneh, appeared throughout Arabia and were known for lively discussions…criticism of local government…”
Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985), pp. 29-45.
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp 6.
“…Coffeehouses were often closed by rulers who satin them the beginnings off uprises…”
Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985), pp 29-45.
“…In 1511…demand was too great…”
Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985), pp. 30-38.
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 6.
“…Ethiopia was now the fourth-largest producer in the world…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004).
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010).
“…in the mid-1800s Yemen exported seventy-five thousand tons of coffee a year, and by the twenty-first century produced only eleven thousands—and only about four percent of that was specialty coffee quality…”
Boot, Willem and Sanchez, Camilo. “Rediscovering Coffee in Yemen: Updating the Coffee Value Chain and a Marketing Strategy to Re-Postion Yemen in the International Coffee Markets,” USAID, August 2013.
Castle, Tim. “The coffee of Yemen,” Tea & Coffee Trade Journal, April 1, 1997.
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004).
“…The incentive, then, for any Yemeni farmer to grow coffee was negligible…”
AL-Monitor. “Yemen’s coffee revival,” AL-Monitor, February 2, 2014.
Boot, Willem and Sanchez, Camilo. “Rediscovering Coffee in Yemen: Updating the Coffee Value Chain and a Marketing Strategy to Re-Postion Yemen in the International Coffee Markets,” USAID, August 2013.
Chapter XI: The Plan, Part I
“…First was Bada Budan. A Muslim holy man…and Baba Budan is considered a saint….”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp 98.
“…by then known as the ‘wine of Islam’…”
Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985).
“…Coffee had first come to Europe in 1615, when it was exported from Mocha to Venice and used for medicinal purposes….
Allen, Stewart Lee. The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 124
“…Eventually it was imbibed socially and proliferated through parts of Europe—with the Venetians holding a monopoly on trade with Mocha…”
Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985).
“…didn’t sit well with the Dutch, then a global power in naval trade. So in 1616, a Dutchman named Pieter van den Broecke…but the Dutch climate wasn’t right for large-scale cultivation of the plant…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 82, 98-100
Allen, Stewart Lee. The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 154.
“…It wasn’t until 1658 that coffee was brought to the Dutch colony of Ceylon and later to Java, where it thrived. Java soon became the primary supplier of coffee to Europe, and Mokha’s primacy waned…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 82, 98-100.
“…The Dutch were as careful with their monopoly as the Yemenis had been…blocking any export of seedlings or cherries…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 82, 98-100.
“…For half a century the Dutch enjoyed control of the European market, until the French entered the business via a bizarre act of economic self-harm…in 1713…De Clieu was an officer in the French Navy…and the French had a monopoly on coffee cultivation i the Western Hemisphere…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 124-125
Allen, Stewart Lee. The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 154
Amelinckx, Andrew. “Old Time Farm Crime: The Coffee Spies of the 1700s,” Modern Farmer, August 19, 2013.
“…Francisco de Melo Palheta was a lieutenant colonel in the Brazilian army, Brazil at the time still under Portuguese control. The Portuguese badly wanted in on the rapidly expanding market for coffee, and they saw Brazil as a perfect environment for grown the plants…unsuccessful in getting their hands on a seedling…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp 16.
Amelinckx, Andrew. “old Time Farm Crime: The Coffee Spies of the 1700s,” Modern Farmer, August 19, 2013.
“…the French were cultivating coffee not only in Martinique but in French Guyana…in 1727…Rio Oiapoque…”
Amelinckx, Andrew. “old Time Farm Crime: The Coffee Spies of the 1700s,” Modern Farmer, August 19, 2013.
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), p 16.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 124-125.
“…settle the matter, the two colonies used the ostensibly impartial Brazilians to intercede, and Bazil sent Francsisco de Melo Palheta…During his time in Cayenne, he was conspiring to get a seedling out of the country…He planted he first coffee plants in the Para region of Brazil, and within seven years he had a thousand bushes thriving…”
Amelinckx, Andrew. “Old Time Farm Crime: The Coffee Spies of the 1700s,” Modern Farmer, August 19, 2013.
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp.16.
“…These plants became the foundation of the Brazilian coffee industry, which, by 1840 accounted for 40 percent of the world’s production…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 124-125, 171-175.
“…One of Brazil’s largest markets was the burgeoning colonies of North America…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 124-125, 171-175.
“…The Dutch had introduced coffee there in the 1600s, and it was reasonably popular, always sharing primacy with tea…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 98-99.
“…as tensions grew between the colonists and the British Crown…On December 16, 1772…and they dumped all the tea on board the ships into the sea…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 124-125
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 14-15.
“…Its popularity grew in sports until the twentieth century, when mass-production, better storage and packing techniques—Hills Brothers being instrumental in much of this—and demand wrought by World War I and World War II conspired to make the United States the world’s leading coffee consumers…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 117-118, 133-138, 199-212.
“…By the twenty-first century, Americans were consuming 25 percent of the world’s coffee…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004).
“…by 2014, coffee was on of the most valuable agricultural products in the world…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004).
“…a seventy-billion dollar business…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004).
Chapter XII: Past Pretense
“…In 1683, the Ottoman empire was at the height of its power, occupying a huge swatch of eastern and central Europe…”
The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 117-118.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 60-63.
“…Ottoman Turks, wanting to overtake Vienna, surrounded the city with three hundred thousand troops…”
The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 117-118.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 60-63.
“…had little hope of withstanding the Ottoman attack unless the Viennese could send an envoy through the enemy lines, to get help from the Polish army 287 miles away…the Viennese from the front…”
Allen, Stewart Lee. The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 117-118.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 60-63.
“…a young Pole named Franz George Kolshitsky…In their retreat the Truks left much of what they’d brought with them…The Poles assumed the beans were camel feed, but Kolshitsky knew better…opened the first coffeehouse in Central Europe, calling it the Blue Bottle…added a spoonful of cream….invented Viennese coffee and had brought coffeehouses to Europe…”
Allen, Stewart Lee. The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 117-118.
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 60-63.
Chapter XIV: The Basics
“…Coffea arabica…could grow up to forty feet tall…when it flowered, it produced cherries that went from yellow to green to red…But the beans were deep within the cherry…Below that was the pulp…under all that was the bean, which was really a two-headed seed varying in color from green to khaki…”
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), pp. 5-21.
“…The trees…needed the same kind of care…fertilized, protected from pests, and pruned so the lower boughs…the higher boughs produce less fruit…”
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994).
“…These cherries were brought to a central depository on the farm to be processed…the point was to separate all those layers from the bean itself. That was what the word processing meant—the removal of all five layers from the beans…”
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994).
Boot, Willem J. “Techniques for the Coffee Profession,” Boot Coffee Inc., pp. 8.
“…And to do that, there were two primary methods, wet and dry…”
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994)/
Winters, Jean Nicolas. Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable production-A Guidebook for Growers, Processors, Traders and Researchers (Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2008), pp. 1-24.
Boot, Willem J. “Techniques for the Coffee Profession,” Boot Coffee Inc., pp. 8.
“…Wet processing was the most commonly used method…but it used an astonishing and perhaps unsustainable amount of water…”
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994)
Boot, Willem J. “Techniques for the Coffee Profession,” Boot Coffee Inc., pp. 8.
“…Natural, or dry processing, was the more ancient process, believe to have originated in Yemen…dry processing resulted in a fruitier but far less predictable taste…”
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994).
Boot, Willem J. “Techniques for the Coffee Profession,” Boot Coffee Inc., pp. 8.
“…They needed to rest…traumatic for the fruit…needed time to recover…resting period can last anywhere from three and six months…”
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994).
Boot, Willem J. “Techniques for the Coffee Profession,” Boot Coffee Inc.
“…Roasted coffee had more than eight hundred different aroma and taste components…
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), pp. 37-42.
Boot, Willem J. “Techniques for the Coffee Profession,” Boot Coffee Inc.
“…They reach their flavor peak three days after roasting, and after seven, they begin to decline. Grinding the coffee three days after roasting is ideal, and it’s best to brew it immediately after grinding…”
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), pp. 37-42.
Boot, Willem J. “Techniques for the Coffee Profession,” Boot Coffee Inc.
Chapter XV: The C Market and The Three Waves
“…The price paid for the vast majority of the coffee harvested and sold worldwide was dictated by what the C market said coffee was worth…could charge for their crop…”
“…Of course, the farmer himself isn’t receiving that one dollar. That’s the final price paid by the conglomerates…that buy 40 percent of the world’s coffee…”
“…The average small farmer…sell his coffee for thirty cents a pound…And not to the conglomerates directly…sell his crop to a loan shark…keep farmers in perpetual debt…sell their aggregate to regional brokers…consolidating it all into on undifferentiated solid mass…the brokers will then sell this ruling regional bounty to an international conglomerate for the commodity price…”
“…During the first wave, coffee exploded in popularity, became a multibillion-dollar business subject to all the benefits and liabilities of mass production…”
“…Vacuum packing made it easier to keep coffee fresh and to bring it to far-flung places…”
“…Satori Kato, a Japanese-America, patented instant coffee in 1903…”
Alfred, Randy. “Aug. 11, 1903: Instant Coffee, A Mixed Blessing,” WIRED, August 11, 2009
“…Coffee’s second waves was a reaction to the downward spiral of coffee prices and quality….”
“…In the 1960s, Alfred Peet opened a small coffee roasters and coffee shop in Berkeley, California…made Peet’s a success…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 265-266.
“…enabled other entrepreneurs, including Howard Shultz of Starbucks, to expand the reach of coffee’s second wave…As Starbucks grew to a global phenomenon and emphasized the social space of a cafe—sometimes over the coffee itself—many in the coffee world wanted to return yet again to a gross-roots, artisanal approach…where the emphasis would be squarely on the coffee itself…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 333-343.
“…Third wave roasters were usually independently owned and operated, not chains…highlighted the originals of their coffee not only be country or region, but by the actual farms where the coffee came from….brew those beans promptly….”
Chapter XVI: The Plan, Part II
“…The film, called Black Gold, focused on the Ethiopian coffee trade…an Ethiopian named Tadesse Meskela…raised their per-kilo prices…”
Black Gold: Wake and Smell the Coffee. Dir. Nick and Marc Francis. Speakit Films, 2006. Documentary.
“…In Ethiopia, the pay for a coffee worker was about one dollar a day…”
Black Gold: Wake and Smell the Coffee. Dir. Nick and Marc Francis. Speakit Films, 2006. Documentary.
Chapter XVII: The Apprentices
“…There was an espresso…”
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), pp. 263.
“…There was a cafe au lait…”
Kummer, Corby. The Joy of Coffee: The Essential Guide to Buying, Brewing and Enjoying. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), pp. 260.
“…There was a macchiato…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…The espresso romano…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“….guillermo, one or two shots of espresso poured over slices of lime…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…Algeria gave the world the mazagran…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…cheese dunked in a cup of hot coffee and later eaten when the mixture softly congealed…guarapo con quest…kaffeost…Finish cheese…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…There was iced coffee and cold-brew coffee..”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…There was Thailand’s black tie…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…There was Irish coffee…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…English coffee…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…Calypso coffee…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…In Senegal there was cafe touba…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…In Australia there was an ice shot…”
Grossman, Samantha. “The 8 Craziest coffee Drinks You can Buy Right Now,” Time, September 23, 2014.
Ortile, Matt. “14 Coffee Drinks to Break Your Coffee Rut,” Buzzed, July 22, 2013.
Peduto, Gregory. “Brewed Awakenings: The World’s 4 Weirdest Coffees,” Mental Floss, July 31, 2009.
When On Earth, “9 Strange Coffee Brews Around the World,” When On Earth, August 7, 2014.
“…kopi luwak, otherwise known as civet coffee. Coffee had been grown in Sumatra for 150 yeas…while the coffee cherry passed through the civet’s digestive system…its purveyors were able to demand a premium for it…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 20
Chapter XVX: Passing the Q
“…A Q grader was essentially an expert in the quality of Arabica coffee…”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
“…An R grader was an expert on Robusta…”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
“…A Q grade has competed intensive coursework and has passed a rigorous test…”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
“…It was instituted by the Coffee Quality Institute as a way to empower coffee growers…buyers who would pay far-higher prices for a high-scoring coffee than they would a coffee of unkwon quality…”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
“…the General Knowledge exam…”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
“…the Olfactory Skills test…”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
“…The Cupping Skills test…”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
“…For Triangulations…”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
“…The Organic Acids Matching Pairs test….”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
“…For the Sample Roast Identification test…”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
“…The Arabica Roasted Coffee Grading test…”
“The Q Coffee System.” Coffee Quality Institute, http://www.coffeeinstitute.org/our-work/q-coffee-system/
BOOK III
Chapter XX: Yemen, Part II
“…Houthis, a rebel group in the north whose members were dissatisfied with the president, Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi….”
Al Jazeera. “Key facts about he war in Yemen,” Al Jazeera, August 1, 2016.
BBB News. “Yemen Crisis: Who is fighting whom?,” BBC News, March 28, 2017.
Johnson, Gregory D. The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America’s War in Arabia (New York: W.W Norton, 2013).
“…former president of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh…now had designed on returning to power wit Saudi backing…”
Al Jazeera. “Who is Ali Abdullah Saleh?,” Al Jazeera, June 20, 2017.
Al Jazeera. “Key facts about he war in Yemen,” Al Jazeera, August 1, 2016.
BBB News. “Yemen Crisis: Who is fighting whom?,” BBC News, March 28, 2017.
Johnson, Gregory D. The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America’s War in Arabia (New York: W.W Norton, 2013).
“…Then there was al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula…”
Al Jazeera. “Key facts about he war in Yemen,” Al Jazeera, August 1, 2016.
BBB News. “Yemen Crisis: Who is fighting whom?,” BBC News, March 28, 2017.
Johnson, Gregory D. The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America’s War in Arabia (New York: W.W Norton, 2013).
“…al-Dakha, a village in Ibb province. There was heavy fighting there in the 1970s and ‘80s…purge the region of tribalism and made it a point of strategy to target chiefs…”
Johnson, Gregory D. The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America’s War in Arabia (New York: W.W Norton, 2013), pp. 19-20.
“…It wasn’t until 1990 that Yemen had become the Arabian Peninsula’s first multi-party parliamentary democracy…”
New York Times. “A Real Arab Revolution,” The New York Times, May 8, 1993.
“…In 1993, elections were held…”
New York Times. “A Real Arab Revolution,” The New York Times, May 8, 1993.
“…in 1999, Field Marshal Ali Abdullah Saleh was elected president….Saleh eventually resigned…”
Al Jazeera. “Who is Ali Abdullah Saleh?,” Al Jazeera, June 20, 2017.
Al Jazeera. “Key facts about he war in Yemen,” Al Jazeera, August 1, 2016.
BBB News. “Yemen Crisis: Who is fighting whom?,” BBC News, March 28, 2017.
Johnson, Gregory D. The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America’s War in Arabia (New York: W.W Norton, 2013).
“…replaced by Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi, but by then the Arab Spring’s yearlong power vacuum had emboldened insurgent movements…”
Kasinof, Laura. “Yemen’s Election Ensures Leader’s Exit,” The New York Times, February 21, 2012.
“…the Houthis, a rebel group named after its leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi, who were dissatisfied with the leadership in Sana’a—who historically ignored their region, they felt—and had been staging raids and seizing land in the north…”
Johnson, Gregory D. The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America’s War in Arabia (New York: W.W Norton, 2013), pp. 145-159.
“…In the south, with Aden as its capital, there was talk of succession…”
Reardon, Martin. “South Yemen and the question of succession,” Al Jazeera, December 3, 2014.
“…Meanwhile there was the growing presence and threat of al-Qaeda in Yemen, known as al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)….”
Johnson, Gregory D. The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America’s War in Arabia (New York: W.W Norton, 2013), pp. 57-58.
“…Al-Qaeda had been operating in Yemen for twenty-two years, beginning in 1992, when it bombed a hotel in Aden commonly used by marines; that killed two people…”
Wander, Andrew. “A history of terror: Al-Qaeda 1988-2008,” The Guardian, July 12, 2008.
“…There was the 2000 attack, of Aden’s coast, on the USS Cole; which took seventeen lives…”
CNN Library. “USS Cole Bombing Fact Facts,” CNN World, September 20, 2017.
“…In 2007 eight Spanish tourists and two Yemeni drivers were killed by a car bomb in the province of Marib…”
Scahill Jeremy. “The Dangerous US Game in Yemen,” The Nation, April 18, 2011.
Al Jazeera. “Probe urged into attack of Spanish tourists in Yemen,” Al Jazeera. June 9, 2015.
“…A year later, another twelve civilians were killed by a car bomb outside the U.S. embassy…”
Bauer, Shane. “U.S. Embassy hit in Yemen, raising militancy concerns,” The Christian Science Monitor, September 18, 2008.
“…In 2009, a suicide bomber from Yemen was killed in Jedah while trying to assassinate the deputy foreign minister of Saudi Arabia…”
Slackman, Michael. “Would-Be Killer Linked to Al Qaeda, Saudis Say,” The New York Times, August 28, 2009.
“…In 2011, AQAP took control of Zinjibar, a city in Yemen’s south…”
Johnson, Gregory D. The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America’s War in Arabia (New York: W.W Norton, 2013), pp. 272, 276-282.
“…In 2012, they coordinated a suicide attack on the presidential palace in Sana’a, killing more than one hundred Yemeni soldiers…”
Baron, Adam and Spencer, Richard. “Al-Qaeda kills nearly 100 soldiers in Yemen attack,” The Telegraph, May 21, 2012.
“…In April 2014, at least four drop strikes had been confirmed, killing anywhere between thirty-save and fifty-five people, including between four and ten civilians…”
Schmitt, Eric. “U.S Drones and Yemeni Forces Kill Qaeda-Linked Fighters, Officials Say,” The New York Times, April 21, 2014.
“…On April 19, just a few weeks before Mukhtar arrived, CIA drones struck a truck carrying suspected militants, killing ten of them but also killing three laborers who happened to be nearby…”
The Guardian. “Ten al-Qaida suspects and three civilians killed in Yemen air strike,” The Guardian, April 19, 2014.
“…in the spring of 2014, President Hadi had just held the National Dialogue Conference, and after ten months of discussions, the assembly agreed…Yemen a federation of six regions…”
BBC News. “Yemen’s national dialogue conference concludes with agreement,” BBC, January 21, 2014.
Al Jazeera. “Yemen to become six-region federation,” Al Jazeera, February 1, 2014.
“…In the week before the conference, there had been attempted kidnappings of German and Russian nationals in Sana’a…”
Shank, Michael. “How to Pull Yemen Back From the Edge,” U.S. News and World Report, May 6, 2014.
“…On May 5, the day before Willem arrived, a French security contractor, guarding the European Union delegation in Yemen, was killed…”
Salisbury, Peter. “French security contractor shot dead in Saa’a as violence against foreigners rises,” Financial Times, May 5, 2014.
“…The same day, a security officer was killed by two gunmen on a motorcycle outside the Defense Ministry’s linguistics institute…”
CBS. “Yemen security officers at U.S. Embassy Killed,” CBS News.
“…A year earlier a Dutch couple, kidnapped outside their home…praised the treatment they’d received…still loved Yemen…”
BBB News. “Dutch hostages ‘treated very well’ by Yemen Kindappers,” BBC News, December 11, 2013.
“….But the era of al-Qaeda brought a distinct change. In 2009, the mutilated bodies of two German nurses and a South Korean teacher were found in a northern province controlled by AQAP. These and other incidents underlined the marked difference between the Yemeni was and the way of Al-Qaeda…”
Al-Haj, Ahmed. “Yemen: Foreign Hostages’ Bodies Found,” AP News. July 16, 2009.
Chapter XXII: Point of Departure
“…According to the USAID report, 83 percent of American importers of Yemeni coffee preferred Matari beans because they smelled so good…”
Boot, Willem and Sanchez, Camilo. “Rediscovering Coffee in Yemen: Updating the Coffee Value Chain and a Marketing Strategy to Re-Postion Yemen in the International Coffee Markets,” USAID, August 2013.
“…There were twenty-five million people in Yemen at lease thirteen million guns—after the United States, it was, per capita the world’s most armed nation…”
United Nations. Yemen, United Nations Statistics Division, UN Data, July 2016.
Root, Tik. “Gun Control, Yemen-Style,” The Atlantic, February 12, 2013.
Small Arms Survey. The Small Arms Survey 2015: Weapons and the World, Graduate Institute of International and Developmental Studies, 2015.
“…Rumor had it that those supporting the exiled Saleh bombed the petroleum pipelines….price skyrocket and gas lines grew long…”
Pamuk, Humeyra and Mokhashaf, Mohammed. “Yemen may retake oil pipeline, crisis persists,” Reuters, June 28, 2011.
“…The Houthis adhered to a branch of Shia Islam called Zaidism…”
Schmitz, Charles. “The rise of Yemen’s Houthi rebels,” BBC News, February 28, 2015.
“…which accounted for about 35 percent of the Muslims in Yemen….”
U.S State Department. Yemen: 2014 Report on International religious Freedom, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, October 14, 2015.
“…Before 1962, the Zaidists had controlled northern Yemen for a thousand years, and the Houthis frequently clashed with their neighbors over territory, with the Saudis to the north and the Yemeni government to the south….”
Schmitz, Charles. “The rise of Yemen’s Houthi rebels,” BBC News, February 28, 2015.
Chapter XXII: Out of Sana’a
“…Houthi takeover of the city of ‘Amran, the last northern defense before they could capture San’a…”
al-Deen, Maysaa Shuja. “Fall of Amran sends shock waves across Yemen,” Al-Monitor, July 21, 2014.
Craig, Iona. “What the Houthi takeover of Sanaa reveals about Yemen’s politics,” Al Jazeera America, September 25, 2014.
Had, Abdu Rabbi Mansour. “Yemen’s President: A Path to Peace,” The New York Times, March 29, 2016.
Baron, Adam. Mapping the Yemen Conflict, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2015.
Chapter XXIV: This One’s Interesting
“…the Houthis had overtaken Sana’a a few weeks earlier, on September 21…”
al-Deen, Maysaa Shuja. “Fall of Amran sends shock waves across Yemen,” Al-Monitor, July 21, 2014.
Craig, Iona. “What the Houthi takeover of Sanaa reveals about Yemen’s politics,” Al Jazeera America, September 25, 2014.
Had, Abdu Rabbi Mansour. “Yemen’s President: A Path to Peace,” The New York Times, March 29, 2016.
Baron, Adam. Mapping the Yemen Conflict, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2015.
Chapter XXV: A Country Without a Government
“…One day Yemen had been ruled President Hadi, and the next he was on the run, and this northern rebel group, the Houthis…was suddenly in control…”
al-Deen, Maysaa Shuja. “Fall of Amran sends shock waves across Yemen,” Al-Monitor, July 21, 2014.
Craig, Iona. “What the Houthi takeover of Sanaa reveals about Yemen’s politics,” Al Jazeera America, September 25, 2014.
Had, Abdu Rabbi Mansour. “Yemen’s President: A Path to Peace,” The New York Times, March 29, 2016.
Baron, Adam. Mapping the Yemen Conflict, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2015.
“…In September the Houthis had led a largely peaceful takeover of much of the capital…induced the surrender or complicity of most of the Yemeni Army forces en route…controlled by its generals, few of who were reliably loyal to Hadi…the progress of the Houthis was largely unimpeded…then the capital was under their control…”
al-Deen, Maysaa Shuja. “Fall of Amran sends shock waves across Yemen,” Al-Monitor, July 21, 2014.
Craig, Iona. “What the Houthi takeover of Sanaa reveals about Yemen’s politics,” Al Jazeera America, September 25, 2014.
Had, Abdu Rabbi Mansour. “Yemen’s President: A Path to Peace,” The New York Times, March 29, 2016.
Baron, Adam. Mapping the Yemen Conflict, European Council on Foreign Relations, 2015.
“…It was on the hills of Harrar that the mythical shepherd Khaldi had first noticed a sleepless spring in the steps of his goats, and had sampled the coffee cherries he’d seen them eating…”
Pendergrast, Mark. Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How it Transformed Our World, Revised Edition. (New York: Basic Books, Perseus Books Group, 2010), pp. 3-4.
Allen, Stewart Lee. The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 14-15
“…Harar was also the adopted home of Arthur Rimbaud…He died in France in 1891, at the age of thirty-seven, while planning his return to Africa…”
Wild, Antony. Coffee: A Dark History (New York: W.W Norton, 2004), pp. 181-191
BOOK IV
Chapter XXVIII: Bedlam
“…It was December 31, 2014…A suicide bomber had struck Ibb. Forty-nine people had been killed and seventy wounded. It was the first attack of its kind in Ibb…”
Al Jazeera. “Houthis killed in Yemen suicide bombing,” Al Jazeera, December 21, 2014.
“…On January 7, two bothers…Charlie Hebdo and shot elven people dead…”
BBC News. “Charlie Hebdo attack: Three days of terror,” BBC, January 14, 2015.
“…On their way out, they shot and killed a police man…”
BBC News. “Charlie Hebdo attack: Three days of terror,” BBC, January 14, 2015.
“…A third man, Amedy Coulibaly, shot and killed a policeman in Moutrouge, south of Paris, and four at a kosher market…”
BBC News. “Charlie Hebdo attack: Three days of terror,” BBC, January 14, 2015.
“…The attacks, precipitated by Charlie Hebdo’s publishing of cartoons depicting the Prophet Muhammad…”
BBC News. “Charlie Hebdo attack: Three days of terror,” BBC, January 14, 2015.
“…On Sunday, January 11, over four million people throughout France marched in support of the victims and the right to free expression…”
Faiola, Anthony and Witte, Griff. “Massive crowds join march for solidarity in Paris,” The Washington Post, January 11, 2015.
“…On January 14, the Yemeni branch of Al Qaeda—Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula—claimed responsibility for the attack…”
Al Jazeera. “Al-Qaeda in Yemen claims Charlie Hebdo attack,” Al Jazeera, January 14, 2015.
“…On January 18, the Houthis in Yemen rejected a new constitution proposed by the government and, the next day, seized the state television station. They took over all the government building in San’a…”
Almasmari, Hakim and Chulov, Martin. “Yemen state news agency and TV station seized by Shia Houthi rebels,” The Guardian, January 19, 2015.
“…President Hadi, who had been under house arrest for months, resigned in protest. Days later he rescinded his resignation, but it didn’t matter. The Houthis had control of the country…”
Bayoumy, Yara and Ghobari, Mohammed. “Yemen president quits, throwing country deeper into chaos,” Reuters, January 21, 2015.
Ghobari, Mohamed and Mukhashaf, Mohammed. “Yemen’s Hadi flees to Aden and says he is still president,” Reuters, February 21, 2015.
“…On February 10, 2015, the U.S State Department accounted that it was suspending embassy operations. The staff, it said, had been relocated out of Sana’a. The next day the U.S Embassy was closed for good…”
Ghobari, Mohammed. “United Sates closes its embassy in conflict-hit Yemen,” Reuters, February 10, 2015.
“…The British Embassy closed, too…”
BBC News. “Yemen crisis: US, UK and France close Sanaa embassies,” BBC, February 11, 2015.
“…the U.S and British governments urged their citizens to leave the country immediately. But there were no plans for a U.S evacuation of American citizens. Commercial flights were still available, the State Department noted, and ‘U.S. government-facilitated evacuations occur only when no safe commercial alternatives exist’…”
Drennan, Justine. “Washington to Americans Stuck in Yemen: You’re on Your Own,” Foreign Policy, April 21, 2015.
“…The French foreign ministry closed a few days later. ‘Given the recent political developments, and for security reason,’ their statement read, ’the Embassy invites you to temporarily leave Yemen, as soon as possible, via commercial flights at your convenience. The Embassy will temporarily be closed as of Friday, February 13, 2015, until further notice’…”
Yemen—Temporary closure of our embassy in Sana from February 13, 2015. French diplomatic services in Yemen, February 2015.
“…On March 20, suicide bombers detonated themselves inside two different mosques in Sana’a. Because it was during Friday prayers, the mosques, used by Houthi Shiites, were full. One hundred and thirty-seven men, women and children were killed, and over three hundred were wounded. This was the worst-ever terrorist attack on Yemeni soil, and was claimed by ISIS…”
Ghobari, Mohammed and Mukhashaf, Mohammed. “Suicide bombers kills 137 in Yemen mosque attacks,” Reuters, March 20, 2015.
“…On March 21, ISIS posted the named and addresses of all one hundred American military personnel in Yemen, and encouraged its acolytes to kill them. These last U.S personnel were evacuated on March 25, and the same day they left al-Anad, just north of Aden, the Houthis quickly seized the strategic military base…”
Schmidt, Michael S. and Cooper, Helene. “ISIS Urges Sympathizers to Kill U.S Service Members It Identifies on Website, The New York Times, March 21, 2015.
Associated Press. “Saudis begin airstrikes against rebels in Yemen,” CBS News, March 25, 2015.
“…The Houthis also took control of the Aden International Airport and Aden’s central bank…”
Abode, Sami. “Allies of Yemen Houthis seize Aden airport, close in on president,” Reuters, March 25, 2015.
Mukhashaf, Mohammed. “Yemen’s Houthis seize central Aden district, presidential site,” Reuters, April 2, 2015.
“…Saudi Arabia, which had clashed with the Houthis in 2009 and 2010…”
Johnson, Gregory D. The Last Refuge: Yemen, Al-Qaeda, and America’s War in Arabia (New York: W.W Norton, 2013).
“…now massed artillery and tanks near the Yemen-Saudi border. By late March, the Houthis controlled nine of the twenty-one provinces of Yemen, including Taiz, the country’s third-largest city…”
Al-Batati, Saeed and Fahim, Kareem. “Rebels Seize Key Parts of Yemen’s Third-Largest City, Taiz,” The New York Times, March 21, 2015.
“…Mosed Shaye Omar…lived in the United States for over forty years. In 1978 he’d become a naturalized U.S citizen….In 2012 he went back to Yemen to prepare the paperwork to get her the passport…In December 2012…On January 23, 2013…Omar went home, and because he hadn’t eat or had water in twelve hours, he experienced a severe diabetic attack, and was rushed to the hospital….his passport had been revoked because ‘an investigation revealed that you are not MOsed Shaye Omar, born on February 1, 1951. In fact, you are Yasin Mohammed Ali Alghazali…U.S Code of Federal Regulations….”
Gonzales, Richard. “Court: State Department Wrongfully Revoked Passport of American in Yemen,” February 17, 2016
KTVU News. “U.S. Citizen sues after passport revoked leaving him stranded in Yemen,” KTVU San Francisco, April 21, 2015.
“…The next day, President Hadi made a direct appeal to Saudi Arabia, asking for its help in turning the tide on the Houthi movement. Citing the Houthi’s ties to Iran, he pleaded for direct Saudi military involvement…”
BBC News. “Yemen crisis: Houthi rebels are Iran stooges, says Hadi,” BBC, March 29, 2015.
Chapter XXIX: Mountains on Fire
“…In 2006, the Pentagon and State Department helped fifteen thousand Americans leave Lebanon during the war between Israel and Hazbollah…”
Jarvis, Jenny. “For American Evacuees, a Bittersweet Return,” Los Angeles Times, July 30, 2006.
White, Josh. “U.S Prepares Huge Lebanon Evacuation,” The Washington Post, July 18, 2006.
“…Given the presence of AQAP and ISIS, the U.S decided it could not risk a large evacuation…They deemed the prospect of unintentionally bringing a terrorist into the United States too great a risk. They decided to leave American citizens stuck in Yemen to their own devices…”
Drennan, Justine. “Washington to Americans Stuck in Yemen: You’re on Your Own,” Foreign Policy, April 21, 2015.
Miller, Greg. “U.S is closing its embassy in Yemen as security concerns mount,” The Washington Post, February 11, 2015.
Pizzi, Michael. “Americans stuck in Yemen file suit against State, Defense departments,” Al Jazeera America, April 9, 2015.
Northam, Jackie. “StuckInYemen.com Website Offers to Help Americans Trapped in Yemen,” NPR, April 6, 2015.
“…An official notice from the U.S. State Department said that ‘there are no plans for a US government-coordinated evacuation of US citizens at this time. We encourage all US citizens to shelter in a secure location until they are able to depart safely. US citizens wishing to depart should do so via commercial transportation options when they become available…”
Northam, Jackie. “StuckInYemen.com Website Offers to Help Americans Trapped in Yemen,” NPR, April 6, 2015.
“…stuckinyemen.com, which documented the plight of those remaining in Yemen. The site was supported by the American Muslim advocacy groups including the Council on American-Islamic Relations and the Asian Law Caucus….a registry of seven hundred Americans hoping their government would provide a way out of Yemen…
Northam, Jackie. “StuckInYemen.com Website Offers to Help Americans Trapped in Yemen,” NPR, April 6, 2015.
“…Under pressure from Arab-American civil rights groups, another State Department spokesman, Jeff Rathke, explained that those Americans remaining in Yemen had made their own bed…’For more than fifteen years the State Department has been advising U.S. citizens to defer travel to Yemen, and we have been advising those U.S citizens who are in Yemen to depart,’ he said.…”
Bennett, Brian. “Lawsuit demands U.S evacuate citizens from Yemen,” Los Angeles Times, April 10, 2015.
“…At another State Department press conference, another spokesperson, Marie Harf referred vaguely to escape ‘opportunities’ for Americans. One reporter asked her for clarity. ‘What are those opportunities?’ he asked. ‘Swim?’”
Northam, Jackie. “StuckInYemen.com Website Offers to Help Americans Trapped in Yemen,” NPR, April 6, 2015.
Khorana, Smitha. “Americans Trapped in Yemen Have No Idea How to Escape,” Buzzed, April 10, 2015.
“…The Saudis had named the campaign Operation Decisive Storm, and claimed to have the participation of nine other nations, most of them with predominantly Sunni populations. Jordan, Morocco, Sudan, Kuwait and Bahrain had supplied fifteen jets each. The United Arab Emirates had provided thirty. Senegal, Qatar and Egypt were were part of the coalition, too. But most of the operation was Saudi let, with 100 Saudi jets participating and 150,000 Saudi troops mobilized…”
Reuters. “Which Countries Are Part of Saudi Arabia’s Coalition Against Yemen’s Houthis?,” Huffington Post, March 26, 2015.
Reuters Staff. “Fact box: Saudi-led coalition against Yemen’s Houthis,” Reuters, April 10, 2015.
Botelho, Greg and Ahmed, Saeed. “Saudi-Led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen, inflaming tensions in region,” CNN, March 26, 2015.
“…By Saturday, March 28, at least thirty-four civilians had been killed in the strikes…”
Yemen: Suadi-Led Airstrikes Take Civilian Toll. Human Rights Watch, March 28, 2015.
Chapter XXXII: Aden Welcomes You
“…In 2011, popular committees arose in various parts of Yemen, to defend territory against the Houthis and Al-Qaeda. In general, popular committees were groups of local men who banded together, militia-style, as part-time soldiers in times of crisis…”
Al-Muslimi, Farea. “The Popular Committee Phenomenon in Yemen: Fueling War and Conflict,” Carnegie Middle East Center, April 1, 2015.
Al-Dawsari, Nadwa. “The Popular Committees of Abyan, Yemen: A Necessarily Evil or an Opportunity for Security Reform?,” The Middle East Institute, March 5, 2014.
Yemen: The Forgotten War. Amnesty International: https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/09/yemen-the-forgotten-war/
Chapter XXXVII: The Port of Mokha
“…al-Shadhili Mosque…was the spiritual home of the original Monk of Mokha, Shaykh Ali Omar Alqurashi al-Shadhili—the man who first brewed coffee, who built the coffee trade…”
Allen, Stewart Lee. The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 44-45.
“…Al-Shadhiili, a Sufi monk, had gone to Harar, married an Ethiopian woman and brought the coffee plant—which hadn’t been cultivated yet; it was still wild—back to Yemen. Here, in Mocha, he invented the dark brew now known as coffee. Local lore had it that it was al-Shadhili who was responsible for Mokha’s ascendance to the center of the coffee trade. It was he who introduced coffee to the traders who came came to Mocha, and who extolled its medicinal qualities…”
Allen, Stewart Lee. The Devil’s Cup: A History of the World According to Coffee (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 44-45.
Chapter XXVIII: Djibouti Welcomes You
“…Since 9/11, Djibouti had been a significant U.S. counterrorism partner. It was the launch point for the drone fleet that routinely bombed Yemen, and terrorism suspects had been detained, interrogated and tortured in Djibouti for years…
Hosenball, Mark, Stewart, Phil and Spetalnick, Matt. “Exclusive: U.S armed drone program in Yemen facing intelligence gaps,” Reuters, January 29, 2015.
BOOK V
Chapter XXXX: Coffee on the Water
“…Virtually no goods were being shipped out of the country. Activity at the ports was concentrated on importing essentials. Medicine was scarce and the vast majority of the country was suffering from food insecurity. The UN considered Yemen on the brink of famine…”
Reuters Staff. “War-torn Yemen on bring of famine as coalition bombs port: UN,” Reuters, August 20, 2015.